Archaeological data show that already in 3000 B.C people were experimenting with primitive body painting using materials of natural origin.

• In Cleopatra's era permanent make-up was already being used directly for its intended purpose - to highlight natural beauty or to eliminate any appearance defects - and also to indicate a person's status in society.
• Tattoos were very popular in such civilizations as the Incas, Mayans, Aztecs and Greeks. Tattooing as well as the tattoo itself was prevalent in China and Japan as early as 1000 years before our era. The term 'tattoo' itself appeared in wide use after James Cook's round-the-world voyage and his visit to the Polynesian islands, particularly to the island of Tahiti.
• The first device to perform skin pigmentation appeared in 1819, it was a battery powered device invented by a Danish scientist called Ersted. 

Hairstyles have always been a girl's signature look and feel. Long before hair extensions were thought of, wigs had come into fashion.

• In ancient Egypt, women as well as men shaved their hair and used wigs. Based on the level of wealth, they were made from a variety of materials - animal hair, natural hair, silk threads, ropes and plant fibres. The wigs also served a protective function, saving them from the burning rays of the sun. 
• In ancient Rome, women changed their wigs several times a day. 
• In the 18th century the wigs were sometimes half a metre long, with stuffed birds and animals and baskets of fruit and flowers woven into them. Hairstyles are styled for long periods, sprinkled with a copious layer of powder. Special sticks made of expensive materials, such as ivory, were made for noble ladies so that women could scratch their heads, which were "itching" because of lice. At that time, women washed rarely, preferring to perfume. 
• Hair extensions are more likely to have African roots. African women decided to make very tight plaits around the perimeter of the head. They sewed or tied strands of hair into these braids at a very close distance from each other. 
• In the 1960s, Simon Forbes, the English hair stylist and barber, invented an innovative hair extension method consisting of strands of synthetic hair attached 1 cm from the roots. 

Nail extensions date back several thousand years BC.

Long nails have been a sign of high status and wealth since ancient times. And for men, they were also a sign of nobility, strength and courage. In the slave-holding system they were a sign that their owner was not engaged in manual labour. Slaves had to cut their nails short, and the nobility tried by all means to make their nails extra long.

• In ancient Egypt they wore gold "thimbles" for this purpose. Trained slaves watched over the purity and safety of such expensive attributes. In Ancient China, bamboo handpieces were made and inlaid with precious stones and gold.
• In Ancient Rome, nail extensions were made of wood or metal and attached to the fingers with leather straps. The most interesting thing is that only male warriors did it. Long and bright nails were believed to be a sign of wealth and courage.
• Indian shamans used to fasten the claws of killed animals on their hands. They believed it would bring good luck and favour of nature spirits.
• In the 20th century, with the development of the film industry, artificial manicures became a trend. In those days nail extension was cheap, because they used ordinary cardboard and glue. It was Marlene Dietrich who invented the technique. Then came sections of film and toxic glue. All that was very harmful, but women went to any lengths to get that manicure!
• In 1952, an American dentist Fred Slack accidentally invented and later patented his nail extension technique. He injured his finger and essentially sealed it using foil and acrylic compound. Then he realised that this was the way to lengthen the nails. Visually it looked beautiful, but the substances often caused allergies and the manicure process took several hours. The descendants of the inventive dentist perfected the technology and created NailSystems International. This was the first company to produce nail extension materials.
• In the 1980s, the company patented a UV-curing gel formulation.

Eyelash extensions are linked to the rise of cinema.

• A make-up artist named Max Factor, who worked in Hollywood, invented false eyelashes in 1927. For the first time this technology of giving eloquence to the eyes was tested when screening the musical "Chicago" by actress Phyllins Hyver, who played the role of Roxy in the film. These overlays were created with the finest fringe on a thread glued to the eyelid. However, at a close distance artificial lashes did not look natural, in addition, held a very short time, and were expensive. So creation of images with the help of such designs did not go beyond the limits of movie sets up to the beginning of 50s of the last century.
• At the beginning of the 21st century in Japan scientists managed to develop a material, perfectly repeating the shape and curve of the natural eyelash. The first person, who performed eyelash extension, was Japanese make-up artist Shu Uemura, who gave singer Madonna an enchanting look in 2003, using the latest technology. The main difference is that during the build-up procedure, the artificial eyelashes are not attached to the eyelid, as in the case of false eyelashes, but are directly glued to the natural eyelashes, and an entirely different glue is used, which allows wearing such lashes for more than a month.   And to this day the procedure of classical eyelash extensions is sometimes called Japanese eyelash extensions.

Permanent Makeup is a procedure in which a pigment, a special mineral-based dye designed specifically for permanent make-up, is injected into the skin.

The master injects the pigment into the very top layers of the skin. The depth is not more than 0.8-1 mm. This allows for a shorter effect duration. Over time, the pigment is gradually dissolved, fade, and over time, and is broken down by the body and removed naturally. As a result, you get a "long-lasting" make-up that accurately enhances your features.

There are several permanent makeup techniques depending on the area affected.

Lips:

• Contouring. Ideal for middle-aged ladies. The make-up corrects a chapped lip shape. Visually, the lips look outlined with a pencil;
• Contour with Outline. A permanent smudge gives lips a defined and chic contour and a vibrant colour. A smudged lipstick effect that visually adds volume to the lips;
• Naturale. This is a technique that uses natural and organic ingredients. It's a slight correction that's hard to see;
• Light kajal. Suitable for perfectly shaped lips. A light pigment is injected into the contour of the lips, giving extra volume;
• Watercolour. A subtle natural pigment that blends over the entire lip without a defined contour;
• Permanent Lipstick. In this case, the pigment is chosen most carefully as it completely fills the lip area;
• 3D technique. Considered to be the most sophisticated type of permanent. It masks an uneven asymmetric lip shape, gives the desired volume and makes the natural colour more lush. The procedure takes a long time, as it is done in several sessions using several colours.

Eyebrows:

• Hair method. The hairs are drawn one by one or in bunches with strokes of pigment.
• Powder method. The pigment is injected in dots, creating a shadow effect.
• A mixed technique is a combination of the powder and hair techniques.
• Nano spraying. In this case, a clear contour is absent, and the pigment itself gives the desired volume and makes the colour brighter;
• Ombré. Using pigment in several shades and softly shading, the eyebrows are drawn with lighter colours at the bridge of the nose and darker ones at the tips.

Eyes:

• Arrow. Dye is applied as a solid liner in different lengths and thicknesses.
• Inter eyeliner. Pigment is applied between the eyelashes, giving a dramatic look.
• Stouche. Smoky eye effect is made by spotting the pigment in different intensities.

Dermopigmentation

is a way of correcting permanent or temporary aesthetic skin imperfections through shallow permanent make-up.

• Nipple colour restoration and postoperative scarring of the nipple areola (one of the most popular areas for camouflage)
• Vitiligo correction;
• Concealment of shallow wrinkles;
• Concealment of small chemical burns;
• Disguise scars and scars (scars after acne, scars after liposuction, scars near the ears and in the scalp resulting from a facelift);
• Camouflage of stretch marks

Duration:

Permanent make-up (eyebrows, eyelids, lips) last from 1 to 3 years. How long the PM lasts in the skin depends on many factors:

• The immune system (if person is rarely ill, the immune system works well - it eliminates the pigment faster);
• Skin type (oily skin retains less permanent than dry skin)
• Age (the older the person, the longer the PM lasts)
• Pigment colour (lighter shades last less, brighter shades last longer);
• Sun/tanning (UVA rays have negative effect on permanent make up, tanning requires use of tattoo/permanent protection sticks, sun protection SPF 30, 50);
• The lifestyle (trainings, swimming pool, sauna, cosmetic treatments such as peels, cleansing, etc., all contribute to the fast release of the pigment).

PM is not for:

• Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
• Illnesses associated with a significant reduction in blood clotting
• Severe somatic diseases
• Acute inflammatory diseases
• Psychiatric disorders
• Epilepsy
• Hepatitis, HIV, AIDS
• Pregnancy
• Lactation period

Aftercare:

For permanent make-up to last longer, careful maintenance and regular colour corrections are essential:

• Self-removal or scratching, as well as any mechanical damage to the crusts formed after the procedure can cause the pigment to disappear;
• Do not use a sunbed, spa, swimming pool or sauna for a fortnight;
• No make-up should be used for the healing period
• To preserve the pigment long time in the sun, sunblock should be used;
• During the first period of the permanent make-up treatment, it is worth taking an antiviral drug prescribed by the cosmetician;
• For skin care of the treated areas it is necessary to use products that are recommended by your cosmetician;
• A correction of the pigmentation should be done, which depends on the individual skin type. In most cases the first correction takes place after one month and the next one after one year.
• To avoid discolouring the pigment during the first treatment, avoid products containing hydrogen peroxide and alcohol.

Hair extensions are an extension of one's own locks of hair by attaching donor hair, either artificial or natural.

The main difference between hair extensions and wigs, hairpieces and removable extensions is the secure fixation of the strands and the long-lasting result - without correction, hair extensions are worn for 2 to 4 months.

Capsule hair extensions

Enhancement involves the use of capsules. It's a capsule that's inconspicuous, small in size and come in a variety of keratin, gel, resin and glue materials. There are also micro-capsules, which are even more weightless. All capsule techniques are divided into hot and cold methods of extension.

• Hot extension 

A hot extension uses 90-180 degree tongs, which melt the capsule that connects the native hair to the donor hair. The hot method is divided into the following two styles:

• Italian extensions - The capsule consists of keratin and after curing resembles a flat plate, which is nearly insensible. Correction is needed after 3 months. 
• English extension - Keratin resin is used as the "glue" - after heating with tongs, it is shaped like a rounded grain. Correction is needed after 3 months. 

A big disadvantage of the hot extension is that the capsules cannot be heated: you should not wash your hair in very hot water, go in the sauna, use a curling iron or other thermal devices, because the capsules will melt and the locks will fall out.

• Cold extension 

Cold extension does not involve thermal stress on the hair and is therefore considered safer for the health of your locks. The cold extension is available in the following types:

• Spanish extension - surgical glue is used to secure the strands. Correction is needed after 3 months.
• Ultrasonic or Hollywood hair extension - donor strands are attached through keratin capsules and an ultrasound machine. Correction is needed after 2-3 months.
• Japanese hair extension - metal clips of 2-3 mm in size are used to lengthen the hair, and fix the artificial hair to the natural hair. Correction is needed after 2 months.
• Brazilian hair extension - strands of hair are attached to the hair shaft by braiding donor hair with natural locks and fixing the connection with synthetic fibres, which is technically similar to dreadlocks and weaves with Kanekalons. Correction is needed after 3 months.
• Gel hair extension - superimposed strands are attached by the hair dressers to the hair in a special gel, and the fixation capsule is formed. Correction is needed after 2-4 months.

Capsule-less hair extensions

This capsule-less hair extension differs from the previous method in that it doesn't require the use of glue or capsules; the locks are held in place by heat-sensitive sleeves, which hold the native hair and the hair being extended, and then the sleeves are held in place by tongs heated to 120 degrees. The great thing about this method is that the attachment points are located at the back of the head and are completely invisible to the eye and touch. However, there's a drawback: you shouldn't heat your hair above 100 degrees, as high temperatures can melt the sleeves. Correction is needed after  months.

Ribbon hair extensions

Ribbon extensions are a gentle way to lengthen the locks of your hair by sandwiching the original locks between two adhesive bands of donor locks. Tape extensions are often used to thicken sparse hair, lengthen fringes and very short locks, and also for thinning, weakened locks due to the ultra-light weight of the tape. Correction of the ribbon extensions is very short and carried out every 6-8 weeks.

Tress extensions

Another gentle way to get that coveted length is with tresses hair extensions. Tresses are strands of hair that are held in place by a single strip of fabric. They can be removable (they are attached by micro-pins and can be removed at any time) or fixed (tresses are fixed on plaits or strands of hair by a special glue or sewing threads). Correction is needed after 2-3 months.

Hair Extension is not for:

• Hair length less than 5 cm
• Your age is less than 16 years
• Severe migraines or headaches
• Sensitive scalp
• Scratches, abrasions, fresh scars and other injuries, or severe hair loss
• Weakened hair 
• Allergy prone
• Scalp conditions such as eczema, seborrhea, psoriasis, pediculosis, alopecia and various fungal diseases.
• Intake of strong antibiotics, hormonal drugs, chemotherapy treatment

Aftercare:

• It is recommended to wash your hair with a shampoo with a neutral pH. 
• After washing, dry your hair by blotting it gently with a towel and do not curl the towel.
• When drying, use a hairdryer and other thermal appliances as little as possible. 
• Do not go to bed with a wet head. The hair should be well dried before going to bed, and the hair strands should be gathered into a loose ponytail or plaited.
• When you visit a sauna, a bath or a solarium, protect your hair and hair extensions from overheating by wearing a cap. 
• You can have your hair coloured by an experienced salon specialist, who will evenly colour the hair along its entire length.
• It is better to have your hair styled in a salon.
• It is necessary to make periodic adjustments to the growth of your own hair after hair extensions.
• In order to keep your own hair at rest, it is advisable to have your hair extensions removed once every 3 months. This is done exclusively in the hair salon. 

Nail prosthetics is the use of gel or acrylic materials to give the nails a long and aesthetic look or to change the shape.

Besides being used for aesthetic purposes, it is also used to protect fragile nails and the nail bed or to repair a broken nail.

Types of prosthetic nails:

• Nail prosthetics with acrylics. Acrylic is a synthetic material based on acrylic and methacrylic acids. To build up a nail master blends a special powder with a special liquid, a monomer. The result is a viscous mass that hardens easily under the influence of air. It takes around 7 minutes for the surface to harden. Acrylic can be worn for up to several months. Cons: toxicity. After such a nail extension, the nail plate, which does not receive normal nutrition, becomes thin and very fragile. Pros: acrylic is removed with a special agent - grinding dust does not enter the respiratory tract, you can create an incredible design with it - a very flexible material. And it also helps to 'repair' your broken nail.  
• Gel nail prosthetics. Nail extension gels come in several varieties: single-phase, two-phase and three-phase. The single-phase gels adhere well to the plate and serve as a basecoat and topcoat. The three-phase gels can take several hours to build up. Like acrylics, these gels are polymers which harden when exposed to UV light. Pros: the gels are non-toxic, have almost no odour and are considered completely safe. With their help you can achieve the most natural effect - the nail plate turns out flexible and very thin. Cons: sawing off when removing them. People with bronchial asthma and other respiratory problems are contraindicated in this type of nail extension.
• Biogel nail extensions.  Biogel is a type of the usual extension gel, but it has an important feature - it is almost 100% made of natural, not synthetic materials. That's why it has practically no contraindications - even pregnancy and breast-feeding. The basis of almost all biogels is mulberry tree resin, which has a positive effect on the nail plate (this type of nail extension is considered therapeutic): it contains proteins and other components that improve the structure and stimulate metabolism. The material allows you to create a plastic, but durable coating. It adheres tightly to the nail, preventing the ingress of moisture and providing protection against fungal infections.
• Combined nail prosthetics. This type of nail extension is designed to combine all the best qualities of the gel and acrylic types. It will give the opportunity to make nails more durable, as in acrylic nail extension, but shiny, as in gel nail extension. There are also more options for nail design.
• Silk nail extensions. This nail extension uses fabric - linen, silk, fiberglass. Because of their softness, they are pre-soaked in a special substance that has the ability to polymerize. In addition to this, basic materials such as gel and acrylics can also be used. Silk extensions can be used to protect natural nails and help them to become stronger. The result is a very neat and natural looking manicure.

Methods of nail extension

• Tip nail extensions. Tips are plastic nails that are glued to your own nail bed with a special glue. Manicurists use them to apply gels. The procedure is as follows: glue the tip, trim it and shape it.
• So-called liquid tips are also used. A special gel is poured into a small mould and covers the nail plate by 70%. The product is cured for about three minutes under UV light. The technician then polishes and moulds the nails.
• Nail extension on the forms. Forms are special templates, which are disposable and reusable. The first are made of special foil or thick paper, the second - from Teflon, metal or plastic (before each use they are treated with antiseptic). Nail extension on the form has several advantages. First and most importantly - the nail plate is not grinded. This method gives the opportunity to create a smooth curve, giving absolutely any shape and even changing the direction of growth. 

Prosthetic Nails are not for:

• Taking antibiotics and hormonal medication.
• Menstruation at the time of the procedure and the day before the start of the cycle.
• Pregnancy and lactation.
• Diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, blood circulation problems.
• Herpes, especially if there is a rash on the hands.
• Graves' disease.
• Fungal disorders.
• Increased humidity in the hands. This is not an absolute contraindication, but artificial nails will quickly peel off in parts, leading to the need to make corrections too often.
• Injuries and bruises on the fingers and under the nails.

Aftercare:

• Do not use nail polish based on acetone. 
• The housework should be done with gloves. 
• Correction should be done in time. 
• Care should be taken at all times and mechanical damage should be prevented. It is forbidden to knock with the nails and open anything with them. 
• Care should be taken with temperature changes. Nails should not be touched with hot, otherwise the manicure will turn yellow, crack and become unusable.

Eyelash extensions

is a cosmetic procedure to lengthen and enlarge natural eyelashes by gluing synthetic hairs together with a special glue.

Eyelashes of different lengths, thicknesses, curl types and colours are used in extensions. The length can vary from 6 to 14 millimetres. Our natural lashes are of uneven length along the growth line. To recreate this effect, lashmakers combine about 5 different lengths during extensions.
The thickness varies from 0.05 millimetre to 0.25 millimetre. Advanced lashmakers around the world refuse to use thicker lashes, as they look less natural on the eyes and weigh down the natural lashes.

Main types of fake eyelashes:

• Natural effect

is the classic that should be favoured if your goal is a natural eye look and stunning lashes at the same time. In this variation, the lashmaker needs to recreate the natural growth of the lashes by combining different lengths - short in the inner corner of the eye and longer as you move to the outer corner. This effect is really versatile, it looks great and is appropriate at any time of day and in any place.

• Foxy effect

is a type of extensions, where the transition is made from short lashes in the inner corner to longer lashes in the outer corner, and the transition is sharper than for the natural effect. This effect visually extends and widens the eyes. 

• "Doll effect"

means the use of lashes of the same length along the upper eyelid line. This version looks not very natural, but it is not unattractive. It is just important to understand for what shape of eyes, for what image and age such extensions are made. Eyes of a girl with such a build-up look naive and coquettish.

• "Ray " effect

is a type of eyelash extensions, when long lashes are combined with short lashes all along the upper eyelid. This effect is also called the cocktail effect. It looks very interesting, unusual, adds expressiveness to the eyes and gives a little zest to the whole image. It doesn't look garish or vulgar, so it is quite appropriate to wear these extensions in everyday life.

• Colour lashes

Any of the above effects can be done with coloured artificial eyelashes. With the right shade, coloured extensions can look amazing. There is a lot of possibilities to play with colour on lashes: transition (gradient) of colour from inner corner to outer corner, combination (blending) of certain shades, inclusion of colour lashes in certain zones for accentuation, alternation of several colours along the eyelid line, etc.

There are the following variations of volume for eyelash extensions:

• Classic volume

when one artificial lash is added to each of your lashes - a popular option, especially popular with those whose lashes are quite thick from nature, but they need to add length and create a beautiful curve.

• Double volume

implies gluing of two artificial eyelashes to one natural eyelash. This makes eyelashes look almost twice as thick. In spite of the double volume, the lashes look natural and the look of the eyes is natural. A pronounced, clear beautiful look, bright eyes without a drop of make-up, and naturalness - this is what makes it so popular to prefer this type of extensions.

• Triple volume

is also quite popular, but the lashes in this case look a little unnatural, they are too thick. However, there are cases where this is the effect that clients want to achieve, and this is the result they need. If you want to create a dramatic, striking, memorable image, you can use this technique! If light and thin lashes are used, the natural eyelashes don't suffer from any damage, and the extensions don't look too heavy on the eyelids and give an eye-catching look.

• There is even a 6D extensions

- 6 artificial eyelashes on one natural eyelash. Thanks to modern ultra thin and weightless artificial eyelashes, this kind of extending is possible without any danger and damage to natural eyelashes. Of course, it's not recommended to wear such extensions for a long time. 

Fake Eyelashes are not for:

• Eye conditions such as conjunctivitis, barley, lash mite, etc. 
• Dermatitis, psoriasis 
• Asthma 
• Allergy to eyelash application materials 

Aftercare:

• During the first 24 hours after lash extensions, you should avoid contact with water. Visit sauna, bathhouse, swimming pool, beach, any location with high humidity should be postponed.
• Avoid rubbing your eyes, avoid mechanical damage. Keep hand-to-eye contact to a minimum.
• Sleep facing the pillow - learn to sleep on your back.
• Avoid the use of mascara. 
• Avoid oil eyeliners and greasy pencils.
• Don't use curling tools. 
• Avoid oily eye creams.

• Cosmetic Tattooing: A Guide to Permanent and Semi-Permanent Makeup

• What Are the Different Types of Hair Extensions?

• Everything You Need to Know About Gel Nail Extensions

• Eyelash Extensions - Everything You Need To Know